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Today ago, Henry, energy per slide. Okay. Good afternoon everybody. Glad that we had an opportunity to review for arranging items that are important and as we prepare for producing apples, the summer, in Mary asked if I would contribute some summary slides from some of which the content is new in our Michigan fruit management died in some of the content was published a couple of weeks ago in the fruit teams. Msu ie use layers, but this is just a couple of slides is summarizing the registrations are changes in labeling of insecticides relevant to apple production, home food production. And that's, that's what I'm going to share here for a couple of slides. So the first, the first one is this new insecticide called Vera cream. And yet been a bit long, waiting for a couple of years to get through the registration process. But I think most people that have heard of it have heard of that even under other trade names like Havana. But ultimately there to print is the trade name of this dynamite insecticide. It's always good to think about not just new compound there, how it fits within the classes of materials that we already have in our toolbox. And so I'm just reminding you that this isn't a die my class insecticide. Others in that same class are external. Alter core. Years ago, belt was a product but that's no longer available. So when It's important to remember that so that when we're doing resistance management practices through the season, we're aware of which compounds at similar mode of action. So this new registrations for apples and pears. And this, this product is labeled to control Lepidoptera, insect pests like codling moth, Oriental Fruit Moth, leaf rollers. Pc, which represents plumbed Julio and pair. So in pairs in, as you can see on the far right of the screen, there's a rate range. And if you use the maximum rate per acre, there would be a limit of three applications in the season. Larry, do you have anything you want to add? Know, we'll we'll talk about as we go. So hey, hey. Next one is a compound called cell matrix. And it's good to note that it's not only registered as a insecticide, but also as a myocyte and a fungicide. Because it has a kind of broad spectrum activity. Being a potassium silicate is it's primary. Mode of action by which it protects the plant against fungi and insects and mites, is the thickening of the cell walls of the plant tissues on which applications are made. And in so it's, it has been labeled in. Fruits are aphids, mites, but more recently, the label is expanded to include suppression of San Jose scale in Mary and I have some of those field data that supported that expansion from trials that we've conducted here at that Trevor Nichols Research Center. You can see, you see here the range of rates are 14 quarts per acre and they actually in the label also have volume per volume calculations in case the amount of water that you're applying in the tank varies and there's a maximum of 20 gallons per season. So that's a that's a lot, not much of a restriction there. And so it's a softer tool and maybe attractive, but people also unique mode of action that allows us to rotate with conventional products. That's it. Of PQ Z is a new insecticide and I commend them for coming up with a mean that's a much simpler than the chemical name, pirate flu Quinn his own. That's difficult to say that very many times repeatedly, somebody got paid big dollars to come up with the trade name PQ Z, and I accept it, I guess they earn their money. It's a new registration in apples and pears, palm fruits, the target pest, our efforts. And there's a rate range of 2.4 to 3.2 fluid ounces per acre and a limit of two applications. With that lower rate, 2.4, there will be a limit of two applications per year. And if he has a, a novel mode of action so that if you've been controlling aphids with a single class of materials for a while like neonicotinoids. This would be a good rotation tool. Break up any potential building of resistance in the populations that you're, are in your orchards. That's it. Larry. Next is a product called spear lap. And this is also an interesting new and promising compounds. And even I would say class of compounds because it's a bio pesticide. And it's one that has been fun to watch in its development because it's based on a spider venom. Peptides from a spider venom that have insecticidal activity and have been slowly brought to market. First started in some vegetable crops, but, but now we have a new registration. Home fruits for, primarily for leaf rollers, but also fruit worms and intersect moss. And application rates are one to two pints per acre. And I'll just comment that there is likely another spirit product coming that we have that Mary and I and others have tested on spider. We do soft law squared t. That is exciting and we hope that next year or so that will also become available to Michigan fruit growers. But this, this is one that we have some field data for. And it's nice to have them a bioassay site available. That secondary. The last is not a new registration by any means, but just to a point and I will ask Les to chime in with any further information at that he knows from what I've heard, but we saw an announcement here recently that cartel, which is a company that used to be Dao. Dao had been registrar for Laura's fan for a long time, but now Kirchhoff is intending to phase out production. So this is not a change in the, in the regulatory status of coke height of us. But they are choosing to phase out production in 2020. And this will impact a large band for a large span. The dance, the 75 W, correct me if I'm wrong, Larry, I think that's the one that is is marketed by a gallon, but I think is still produced by, by Gao. So we will have to see what impact that has on availability. In the only other thing that I've heard is that there may be generic producers of cork hire fast. That will mean teen product in Michigan and other US states. Back would result in not only in elimination, but there being some supply for legal use in the future, but I don't know official information on that. Larry, if you've got anything else you'd like to add? No, I think that's good. And obviously it still has a registration and tolerance. So if you have product, you can use it. Okay, so I'm going to start on my discussion. So I thought I'd start out. I made a modification of the insect pest calendar that you have in your management guide and also you can get it online now. And I took out pests that are only occur late in the season like apple maggot and narrow it down. And even in doing that, you got 14 different insect pests that are listed in that have better. Some management guidance is provided in the fruit management guide. Obviously, I can't talk about all of those. I have some red arrows here on the left. I'm just going to talk about six of them this afternoon and early season. I just opted to talk about things up until first cover timing and really focus on the ones that I think are most important. So if you look here, Pest Management Guide at that first timing that we might think about in the coming season, tight cluster to pink. There's a group of a half a dozen or so insect pests, but I'm really just going to focus on to European read my San Jose scale. There are two that probably might cause the most problems in the state. And also insect-like spot at ten a farm leaf miner. In my 25 years of going through orchards in Michigan, I have yet to see spotted Terraform leaf miner above any kind of threshold. The threshold is actually pretty high for this insect early in the season first-generation, you could have two or three eggs per leaf cluster and that would be non-problematic. So not want to focus much attention on that. And rosy apple aphid is, can be a serious pests, but it's pretty sporadic. And if you haven't, it's a problem. But Hey, I think you, you look at your past history and there's some good options here. The neonicotinoids and somato is good options. So I'm not going to say much about that insect. And then toward the pink stage we have oblique band and lethal are down there, but you will see most of the best options probably penalty for later timing this around petal fall and I'm going to cover this starting at petal fall. I started out with San Jose scale is the first insight because it is becoming a little more problematic in the state. And also because early season use of this R1 good way to control San Jose scale very early season prior to blue. So just a general background starting to see more of this, probably because of a general decline and dormant oil sprays as the cost of oil went up. Some of the compounds we are used to putting on or a growers were used to putting on early in the season highly effective compounds. There's been regulations on them. We've lost some of them. There's the possibility of resistance to some insecticides, San Jose scale that we don't have documentation but kinds of populations I've seen in some of the orchards might suggest some problems with compounds. The newer compounds or not, as directly lethal as the older compounds. And then finally, there's limited monitoring going on for San Jose scale. And it's really only noticed when you start to get infested fruit, especially in your harvested fruit. So this insect spreads very slowly in an orchard. So it'd be nice to, to be scouting a little bit. And even if you don't scout, if you do get damage and elector for this insect, It's awesome, restricted to a certain area. So it'd be a good idea to go ahead and flagged that area and maybe you could do some spot treatments the following year before it started spreading. This is the phonology of San Jose scale. Overwinter as it matures, then they start feeding in the spring when temperatures exceed 51 degrees Fahrenheit. You have the wingless females, the winged males come out. It may you get females producing a lot of live young in their lifetime, maybe 400 over their lifetime. And you really, and then you have crawlers out and then you have another generation and crawlers towards the end of the season, but we're just interested in that early part now. John, I've done quite a bit of work with San Jose scale insecticide trials at Trevor nickels and there's several newer compounds that look highly effective. Momento, Centaur and esteem, shown in this figure, looking very effective. And this is just a single slide summarizing most of what's in the Pest Management Guide of excellent materials and good timing for San Jose scale control. So you could start controlling this insect if you've had a problem in the past and you had a big problem in your pack out. It really be a good option. The first good option during the tight cluster to pink stage. You have materials like a steam and center at that time which provide excellent control. A San Jose scale. If you don't control it at that time, we ought not to. And you don't have that huge population. As you move into later in the summer, later in the year, the first, the next time you would consider controlling this would be a petal fall timing for momenta, which is excellent for San Jose scale. And then because you want to have it on before the first cars are coming out, that takes a little file from a Vento to move into the plant. And the effective, then you have some other materials like some auto and lambdas I authored that you're targeting the emergence of those crawlers around second cover timing. I also wanted to just talk a little bit about mating disruption because I'm working on it right now and it's kind of fun and it shows good promise. It is not registered for San Jose scale yet. Now the company is working on that. Now. It seems like it would be a very good target for mating disruption because the females are wingless. Males are wing but they only fly a short distance. And my experience of trapping for this insect, it seems like you only catch the males that are probably emerging from the tree. You put the trap in or maybe one tree away and that's about as far as they fly. Also, the males are out for a very short time, only a few days. So they're searching time is very limited, making them a good thing instruction target. The figure on the bottom here shows some field data from the company that's working on this dispenser shun that. So some trials that they conduct, and we've also done some in Michigan now. And if you look at this figure, you'll see the line graph is the capture of males and pheromone traps. And you have a gray line that would be in the know mating disruption plot. And then you had the green line. You can see about a 92% inhibition of male catch and traps indicating pretty good disruption of males finding females. And then the bars in this graph, our crawler countless through the, through the season. The gray bars are crawler counts in the Non-farm own grower standard and the green bars are crawler accounts in the mating disruption block. And again, you can see this better than 90 percent reduction in crawler density is using mating disruption. I'm interested in mating disruption for San Jose feel it could be a pretty, a little bit expensive technology for a pest like San Jose scale. It's a fairly expensive pheromone. But fortunately, San Jose scale and calling my flights line up almost perfectly with both of them coming, starting to merge right around bloom and delicious apples. And so this opens up the possibility of, I think of having a bill dispenser where you combine these two pheromones in the same dispenser. So when you put up and coming off the Spencer, you get control of San Jose scale. Also wanted to talk a little bit about might management because if it's really depends on your historical pressure. So you might be considering in early season treatment for European read my hand. But timing, new decision of when you treat for this for mites depends on historical pressure and the block, the seasonal thresholds that are out there. For red might, for example, in petal fall, early June, it might be five or so act of mice per leaf and then it might increase to seven to 10 and June or July. And then, and then by the heat of the summer and Europe up to 10 or 15 as your threshold. Printer activities important consideration if you have, if you count creditors along with your red mites and you have something like a ratio of one predator for every 10 mites you might be in good shape and let the predators do their work before you trigger a myocyte application. Resistance management is important. You need to rotate the modes of actions. These materials mites are well-known for their ability to develop resistance rather quickly because they turnover a lot of generations. If you want to consider the duration of activity for the various mite asides, which stages they effect. And also potential. Well, we'll talk about potential disruption, flaring of Mike's. You have several options for managing mites that are excellent right now, you have all are savvy. As your pre broom, really the premium application for your in red might have you're anticipating significant population of European red mites. As you move. The pedal folly of zeal or agger met at petal fall for European read my excellent control. And then as you move later on into the season, if you haven't had a big buildup. Traveling conditions in the summer Earth, as that increases mites. And you need to put on a treatment you have. And the dog next door me Alta portal, achromatic banter as sort of threshold-based timing for these mites. John put together this nice slide a few years ago showing duration of control for European read my, you can see there's quite a range of duration of control for these materials. Salvia in Nepal put them on early in the season. You probably yet ten weeks of 6106 to ten weeks of activity or eight to 10 weeks of activity. And then Agra also give you along. Period of activity. And then it slowly decrease as you move up into some of these other modes of actions like Akram, I can omit you're getting. Unless residual activity. You should consider the risk of Mike flaring and your IPM params when you decide on what you're gonna do about mites. And John and I did quite a bit of work on this some time ago. And then he's recently had a PhD student, Linda Jamil that worked on might flaring and put together this table that kind of summarizes what you should consider when you're making decisions about all of your pest management decisions and the electron relative to mites. Pretty well known that pyrethroids are highly toxic to my predators and they also stimulate reproduction of the fight off against mites. So there might flaring potential is very high. You have a sale admire in here, which are not that toxic to predator mites, but they have the propensity to stimulate reproduction of phi toughness might so they could, They can have a moderate might flaring potential. That the seven has a high potential. Dynamite have a low potential for might flaring. You don't really see that. Reimann, my experience on some farms and Michigan, I've seen flaring of lights due to applications of rhyming. So we should, that you should be aware of that. And really, I think what John and I have really seen as it's a combination of things that affect flower mites the most. It's when you use a material like a pyrethroid or something that really knocks out the creditors. And then you put on another compound that, that stimulates reproduction of the five toughness mites. And then you'll really get in trouble with my flaring. I put codling moth in here, even though you're really not managing it till first covered with insecticide applications. But I wanted to say something about mating disruption for codling moth. Again, this is what I've spent my career working on. So I wanted to encourage you. The biggest lesson for me is that I think it's better to opt for reduced rates of hand applied dispensers rather than no mating disruption. So if the difficulty in applying these are the cost is prohibitive. You have very pretty low COP, codling moth populations. I still think it's a good option to put on low rates, lower rates of mating disruption. So you can see in the figure on the left hand side, under low codling moth populations, hand applied dispensers at rates ranging all the way from only 50 per acre to 200 per acre, nearly equivalent to 400 acre per acre when you have low calling mov populations. And even at a 100 per acre, putting these up will really help you with your insecticide control program for codling moth. And also preserve the materials in terms of resistance that we're using for codling moth management. At high populations. It doesn't work out so well. To do that, you'll see and high-population, you really need to have high mating disruption, application densities. Several people are moving toward aerosol emitter for codling moth mating disruption. And I just wanted to make you aware that this is not the same as hand applied dispensers? I know people have shown me or told me that they're getting success, reducing the rates of these and putting up low numbers of dispensers per orchard, less than one per acre. But in our trials looking at this, there's a really definitive reduction efficacy as you start to drop the number of units that you put out there. And if you want to get the kind of disruption that you're getting with hand applied dispensers. If you have any kind of codling moth population, you really need a couple of these per acre. The reason for this is that I think that the biggest risk of about aerosol emitters that you need to overcome is that they are dependent on the wind for dispersing the pheromone. So when you put hand applied dispensers, you disperse the pheromone, all OVR trim, you know, you get good dispersion. When you put out aerosol emitters are dependent on the wind dispersed the pheromone, and the wind's not always consistent. And it turns out that the the biggest risk is what happens behind in the areas where the plume is not being distributed with these aerosol admin or so in this particular study, we had aerosol mentors put out in some very large orchards and then we put traps out in which traps were toward the center of the orchard, sandwiched between aerosol emitters. And then we had traps on the closer to the edge of the orchard in which there were only be aerosol emitters. On one side of this Benzer's. The under only trapped on one side of the aerosol emitters. Sorry. I mean, and if you look at the figure on the left, you can see when you have the bars to the far left show mating. Male captures when there's no mating disruption. And then when you have hand applied dispensers, it didn't matter where the traps where you got pretty good inhibition of catching the traps. But for the aerosol emitters, in this case it was a buffer. You can see the exposed traps, traps where there's only buffers on one side, had a very significant catch of males and traps. They weren't inhibiting mating or location of traps as well as when you had them sandwich. So it's really about dispersion of the pheromone. And it can be problematic to reduce rates when you're using this kind of technology. I also want to encourage you not to forget about spray well pheromone, there aren't a lot of people using spray animal pheromone, but i, and for codling moth, it's not a super effective in that it doesn't last for more than a week or so. But the good thing about it is that I think that you could just target the peak party or flight and it would really help you with control. So if you don't want to hand apply, dispensers are put out the resources to rely on mating disruption as your major control for codling moth. But just to help your insecticide program, you could consider a single application at peak fight or perhaps two applications at peak flight. For codling moth to really help your program out, you'll get a couple of weeks of inhibition of male. Finding females are mating disruption. It's payables a pretty good option. And apples for Oriental Fruit Moth. What, using the same approach, this one or two applications against either the second or third flight when populations are usually down a little bit. And also you're just targeting the peak flight. So you're counting on other things to help your mating disruption application. As we get into petal fall, you're really starting to, this is really when you're actively putting in mat by developing management programs for some key pests and in the Apple system. And the two that I'm going to talk about are oblique boundedly from Plum Creek, Leo, the life history of oblique boundedly for her, they overwinter as you very young larvae. Second instar, small larvae and little cracks and crevices. Up in the tree. They come out sometime before balloon, often well before bloom, they might start emerging but really into bloom. And to really the first. And these larvae that first-generation are really important to manage to keep the population from exploding later in the year. And then later in the year. You also have a couple other times where damage occurs. In the summer, in July if you haven't manage them earlier, we'll talk about managing them. We won't talk about it, but we'll have a little bit to say about managing them down. And then they can also cause problems late in the season. So here, the first thing is monitoring for leaf rollers is quite difficult, but I think is helpful. Early in the, early in the year, that first time you want to look farm in those fruit clusters is, it's really pretty hard to find them. Even for someone who has been doing this their entire career. It's tough for me to find them as well. But you can give it a try. Go out and sample fruit clusters. And if you find one or 2% of them to be infested with Lee for hours. That's problematic and you're going to need a petal fall applicant application for controlling mentally for her. After you've done something early in the season, if you want to know if you're going to need a summer application. I think one of the best monitoring approaches for oblique then on the far as to actually look for over-wintering survivors after petal fall. Later on, the early ones as they emerge, it'll be there'll be out on the tips of the shoots. And so you can see how many had survived by counting how many in your shoots are infested. New growing shoots are infested with OBOR. And if you have one to 2% infestation of nice shoots. At that time, it's suggesting that when the timing is proper after they've developed and that you will need a summer application. Pheromone traps that are difficult to use for decision-making for lifo, though, I have some guidelines that I've developed myself that I think work pretty well. And I would say it's worth putting up oblique than a leaf roller traps. If you catch 20 or more mass per trap for a couple of weeks. Two or three weeks, it usually indicates year, you'll have a problem. The difficulty in this is that it doesn't always mean you have a problem. They could be coming from your neighbors because they travel a long distance from wild habitats or whatever. So this gives you an indication, but really it be best to see if you have a larvae in the shoots. But it does give you some indication low catches or are probably more important far as this insect goes. If you catch very low numbers, fewer than 20 lost during a flight period, usually means that you don't have a problem with hopefully fan and leaf roller. So it's really these low catches that you want to see and then you feel pretty comfortable that you don't have a problem. When you're thinking about managing VLR, especially as you after the petal falls, you get into the first cover timing. If you haven't gotten control this past at petal fall, it's really important to think about how it fits in a program and to pick materials for codling moth control it that first cover timing that also provide control and Ludwig van and leapfrog, you can see here you have several options. Delegate, Reimann, alter, core, extra, all veer to print, claim, all good materials for coming off. And beef roller wanted to say a little bit about resistance and then maybe at the end, John might have something more to say about this. But when I first came to Michigan, I it'll be oblique band and the furlough was a serious problem, probably the, the most concerning problem to to growers, apple growers in Michigan. So working with John, we did quite a bit of work on resistance of OB currently from her and found indeed it was resistant to our main opiate that time is N5 methyl or define shown here on the left and also to our pair of PFOS and methanol and, and the pyrethroid SVN validate. And really this was an explanation for why oblique oblique entered. The father was not being well controlled and becoming quite a problem. At that time. Fortunately, several new materials were registered that look pretty effective, that were very effective like Spinoza and some insect growth regulators. And they controlled oblique handedly for her and there was no resistance detected at that time or no law, no reduced susceptibility. John and PhD student Hafez in more recently for five-years ago, collected OBOR from Michigan orchards when girls are starting to see that we're getting leaf rollers back again in higher numbers and they're starting to be a problem again. And they were able to get larvae from a few infested orchards and start some colonies and it's blows larvae to range of doses for various insecticides. Plot the data and found that indeed in Medan, our OP that we had left that we are using for calling off, not coming off for apple maggot control and perhaps perfectly and troll still was not affecting leaf rollers at all. Whereas there was significant resistance. And they also found for population, they tested that delegate was showing significant resistance. The approach is showing significant resistance to delegate. So overall findings they found him and and della K1 by venture they're insignificant resistance. It was elevated but not significant in Alta core rhyme and proclaim. And this is they only manage to test a limited number of populations. It's not a broad survey like we did in 2 thousand, but it's just a heads up. If you're if you're starting to see problems with oblique mentally, probably Maital might want to consider changing the material using to control it would be one thing you could do. It also reminds us that it's important to rotate materials. Don't depend on the same OBOR material every year you have several options. You have Reimann esteem and trap it at this petal fall timing and also these other materials. And then later on when you get into that colleague timing of delegate procaine alt color there to print an extra roll that are providing control calling of an oblique manner leaf rollers. So don't depend on the same material every year after year. Also, don't forget about BT products. Bt for calling off, I'm sorry, friendly for is still a good option, especially when temperatures are warmer. We're all hoping for those at sometime this year to get them to work well, you need good coverage and good timing. And these warm temperatures, they are effective at this early timing of petal fall as timing, but it's hard to have temperatures that are conducive to BT at that time, you really want temperatures in the mid to high sixties, at least for some period of time. To get the larvae to consume enough of this to be highly effective. So it's really probably better later in the summer as a material for what we've manually for when we have warmer temperatures and you'll get more feeding an activity from the BT. There also is one other option. There are hand applied dispensers out there. I'm not sure, but I think maybe also aerosol and mentors, but I know hand applied dispensers out there that combine both calling often lethal or pheromone in them. So these multi-species dispensers in our trials give very good mating disruption of both, call him off and oblique boundedly front. Actually these, I think I've sold out. They're in such demand in the western part of the country right now. Gmb per coil is another past that you need to control this petal fall timing. Adults disperse from overwintering sites. Maximum temperatures reach 72 degrees Fahrenheit or so for two to three days. It's really important that cool weather prolongs PC activity. You might need some later controls or more extended controls. You can monitor trees on the border near the woods, beginning when fruit, Let's are about five millimeters in diameter to look for these oviposition scars. And if you see them, you know, you need to control for this test. There are several good options that because petal fall timing for cochlea and including avant at car on a sale or premaxilla that contain these actives and M and N. Although I am a fan of waiting till later in the year to use that. Limited amount of m and n that you can use because it's an excellent material for alpha omega. Most insecticides labeled for cochlea are contact poisons and should be time just after pedophile or before oviposition by conquer Korea starts. Some insecticides like the neonates are initially lethal, acting later as overt position to Terrence. And some insecticides like avant are best ingested. So you want to time the sprays when the, when the adults are present. I'll end with one last insect that has been a problem for some growers of young newly planted apple orchards in various parts of the state. Black stem bore and I put this in here as an early season pass because if you do have a problem with his past and you're losing trees, timing of control is really important and it's early in the season, that's probably the best timing. So if you look at the figures on the right, these are some figures of our trapping of this insect in several years. And looking at when you need to time the controls for this test. You need to kind, you need to time them when the females are out searching for new sites to deposit their eggs and start a brood. This occurs just after bloom, usually in apples, when that first peak flight, that first big flight, and that's really probably the best timing. There's also a second flight in, later on in the summer when females are back out again looking for new places to start a rude. So probably not out there trapping for this insect. But it's really important to know that this timing sometime after bloom is probably the best time if you had a problem with his past. If you wait for a longer period of time and you start to see trees being, your trees dying. And you want to put on a, some sort of insecticide or some sort of revenge spray, it's completely ineffective. Have to get these females while they're searching for new sites once they're in the brewed. In all the counts and trials that I've done, you basically don't kill anything inside to brew with any kind of application to the trunk or woody parts of the tree. My highest, my cause tried for several years to do efficacy trials for this insect by putting out bolts of wood in highly infested sites. And the conclusions from this or we're pretty much that only, only a few of the pyrethroids provided really good control of black stem borer at that time. And that lowers band did not provide very good control of this insect. Arctic. Now low in New York was kind enough to share some of his studies with me as an alternative to this. Art's been getting some good results with some some various plant volatile based compounds that are formulated in a waxy emulsion formulation called splat, that seem to give good control of black stem bore. Any tested those and against lawyers ban advanced. And he tested several different formulations, black verb and noun, which is a compound that's repellent to various bark beetles. Also an anti aggregation pheromone. And then each price black methyl salicylate or meso, which is a host events and signaling compound for several different insects. And then a combination of the two of them by putting dollops on the trees at different rates. And just one slide to show the excellent kind of control that art was able to achieve. These are the counts of actual broods of the, after the, after this material has been used to shut down adult activity of black stem bore. So you can see that in all the various plant, her, various splat formulations that he tested yet very good reduction in broods, almost elimination of broods. And you can see that lawyers ban was not effective. So that's all I'm going to talk about in terms of early season control of Apple past. Thanks for listening. I want to recognize the Michigan Apple committee, heart society and Project Green for funding ton in my research over many years now, It's been really important to being able to provide this information to the colleagues that have helped me do all this may cause who was my technician is retired now, John Pope, Joanne Wang and my lab right now as postdocs to John's lab and his crew at Trevor nickels that do a great job to art for sharing information with me on many things through the years until the summer assistance and grow our cooperators that have helped me out.

Early season apple pests

From Anna Wallis March 30th, 2021  

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