Okay I took a small break and had some popcorn. I'm not a big fan of popcorn normally, but that was delicious. Anyway. Review. So historians of genocide note that there are, there seems to be a close connection between states, empires, war, revolution and genocide. They argue that when genocide takes place, it often takes place as part of state-making or empire making. Sometimes of state breakdown or empire breakdown. That war seems to be a precondition of genocide. That is, there is almost never a situation of genocide without war. And that revolutions are often accompanied by a destruction of a specific and significant part of the population. You have these things written down here. I should also add again that, you know, I gave you kind of a whirlwind tour of historical approaches. I'm not sure we could talk about one unified historical approach to genocide. But I wanted to show you some of the ways that historians think about these things at the macro level, which is, you know, they identify these patterns across time and space. and they're particularly interested in questions of temporality, which you saw in Mark Levine's argument, which is, you know, what is unique to genocide in the 20th century. Indeed, I would say that Mark Levine and I think many historians would argue, in spite of everything that we did in this course, many historians would argue that genocide is a phenomena exclusively of 20th century. And that all that we talked about conquest of the Americas and all of that, they're not denying the violence, they just wouldn't call it genocide, but something different. I think most historians, many historians see genocide as uniquely modern and uniquely not just modern but uniquely 20th century. So really the question of time and temporality to be specific in temporal location, That's really cardinal for historians. Don't know if you could hear, kind of noises in the background. But the kitties have woken up and are now playing with a toy on the floor. Hey, come here, say hi. (Meow) Can you hear that? Come say hi. Come. Right at the end of lecture, come on. Oh, don't be that, be nice. There is Safi. Safi is coming to say hello, say hi to my students. Meow. Okay. He doesn't like that. Anyway. Bye.